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<title>Manfred Max-Neef</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manfred Max-Neef</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Max</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Neef</i>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Manfred Max-Neef</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Manfred Max-Neef, in 2007</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Artur Manfred Max Neef</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-10-26</span>)</span>26 October 1932<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-08-08)</span> (aged 86)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, Chile</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Economics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Artur Manfred Max Neef</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa">[ˈmaɱfɾeð<span class="wrap"> </span>maks]</span>; 26 October 1932 – 8 August 2019) was a Chilean <a href="Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> of German descent. Max-Neef was born in <a href="Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. He started his career as a professor of <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in the early 1960s. He was known for his <a href="Manfred_Max-Neef's_Fundamental_human_needs" title="Manfred Max-Neef's Fundamental human needs">taxonomy of fundamental human needs</a> and human scale development. In 1983, he was awarded the <a href="Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> for "revitalising small and medium-sized communities through 'Barefoot Economics'."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

<p>Max-Neef was born on 26 October 1932 in Valparaíso, Chile, the son of Magdalena Sophie Neef, a humanities and music student, and Alfred Wilhelm Hermann Max, an economist. Both Max-Neef's parents had emigrated to Chile from <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> following <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max-Neef studied at the Liceo de Aplicación in <a href="Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> before going on to graduate with a degree in economics from the <a href="University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

<p>Max-Neef traveled through Latin America and the United States, as a visiting professor in various universities, as well as living with and researching the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the <a href="1973_Chilean_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 military coup in Chile</a>, he sought refuge in Argentina, Canada, the United States, and Europe. He worked with the problem of development in the Third World, describing the inappropriateness of conventional models of development that have contributed to poverty, debt and ecological disasters for Third World communities.

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<blockquote><p>"I was one day in an Indian village in the Sierra in Peru. It was an ugly day. It had been raining all the time. And I was standing in the slum. And across me, another guy also standing in the mud — not in the slum, in the mud. And, well, we looked at each other, and this was a short guy, thin, hungry, jobless, five kids, a wife and a grandmother. And I was the fine economist from Berkeley, teaching in Berkeley, having taught in Berkeley and so on. And we were looking at each other, and then suddenly I realized that I had nothing coherent to say to that man in those circumstances, that my whole language as an economist, you know, was absolutely useless. Should I tell him that he should be happy because the GDP had grown five percent or something? Everything was absurd."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In 1981, Max-Neef wrote <i>From the Outside Looking In: Experiences in Barefoot Economics</i>, a narrative of his travels among the poor in South America. In the same year, he founded the Centre for Development Alternatives (CEPAUR).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Max-Neef won the <a href="Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> for his work in poverty-stricken areas of <a href="Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. Max-Neef ran for <a href="President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President of Chile</a> as an independent in the <a href="1993_Chilean_general_election" title="1993 Chilean general election">1993 election</a>. He achieved 4th place, with 5.55% of the vote.

</p><p>In 1993, Max-Neef was appointed <a href="Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the <i><a href="Austral_University_of_Chile" title="Austral University of Chile">Universidad Austral de Chile</a></i> in <a href="Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>. He served in that position for eight years. He is also affiliated with the <a href="European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="European Academy of Sciences and Arts">European Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>, the <a href="Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a>, the <a href="New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="New York Academy of Sciences">New York Academy of Sciences</a>, and the Leopold Kohr Academy of Salzburg (an institution founded by <a href="Leopold_Kohr" title="Leopold Kohr">Leopold Kohr</a>).

</p><p>Among his honoraria were: the University Award of Highest Honour (<a href="S%C5%8Dka_University" title="Sōka University">Sōka University</a>); Doctor Honoris Causa (<a href="University_of_Jordan" title="University of Jordan">University of Jordan</a>); Chile's National Prize for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights; and the Kenneth Boulding Award, the highest honour bestowed by the <a href="International_Society_for_Ecological_Economics" title="International Society for Ecological Economics">International Society for Ecological Economics</a> (August 2008). On 10 May 2009, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters and was Commencement Speaker to the 158th Graduating Class of <a href="Saint_Francis_University_(Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis University (Pennsylvania)">Saint Francis University</a>.

</p><p>Max-Neef was a council member of the <a href="World_Future_Council" title="World Future Council">World Future Council</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMax-Neef1992" class="citation book cs1">Max-Neef, Manfred A (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021020841/http://www.max-neef.cl/download/Max_Neef_From_the_outside_looking_in.pdf"><i>From the Outside Looking In: Experiences in Barefoot Economics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Foundation" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation">Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation</a>. p. 208. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85649-188-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMax-NeefAntonio_ElizaldeMartin_Hopenhayn1991" class="citation book cs1">Max-Neef, Manfred A; Antonio Elizalde; Martin Hopenhayn (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319153338/http://www.max-neef.cl/download/Max-neef_Human_Scale_development.pdf"><i>Human Scale Development</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Apex Press. p. 114. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-945257-35-X</bdi>. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMax-NeefPaul_Ekins1992" class="citation book cs1">Max-Neef, Manfred A; <a href="Paul_Ekins" title="Paul Ekins">Paul Ekins</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006030048/http://www.gettextbooks.co.uk/search/?isbn=9780415079761"><i>Real-Life Economics: Understanding Wealth Creation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 432. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-07976-4</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gettextbooks.co.uk/search/?isbn=9780415079761">the original</a> on 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/26/chilean_economist_manfred_max_neef_on">"Chilean Economist Manfred Max-Neef on Barefoot Economics, Poverty and Why The U.S. is Becoming an "Underdeveloping Nation""</a>. <i><a href="Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>. 26 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlberto_Martínez2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alberto Martínez, Carlos (2014). "El personaje invitado: Artur Manfred Max Neef". <i>Revista Infancias Imágenes</i> (in Spanish). <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">148–</span>150.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDrekonja-Kornat2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drekonja-Kornat, Gerhard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508055831/https://www.giz.de/E+Z/1997-2002/ds202-10.htm">"El desarrollo a la medida humana"</a>. <i><a href="Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit" title="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit">Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit</a></i> (in Spanish) (2): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giz.de/E+Z/1997-2002/ds202-10.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMax-NeefAntonio_ElizaldeMartin_Hopenhayn1991" class="citation book cs1">Max-Neef, Manfred A; Antonio Elizalde; Martin Hopenhayn (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319153338/http://www.max-neef.cl/download/Max-neef_Human_Scale_development.pdf"><i>Human Scale Development</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Apex Press. p. 106. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-945257-35-X</bdi>. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/26/chilean_economist_manfred_max_neef_on">"Chilean Economist Manfred Max-Neef on Barefoot Economics, Poverty and Why The U.S. is Becoming an "Underdeveloping Nation""</a>. <i><a href="Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>. 26 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521094310/http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1101">"Manfred Max-Neef – Chile"</a>. World People's Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1101">the original</a> on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.max-neef.cl/">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104112332/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/max-neef.htm">Right Lifelihood Award website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210015514/http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/english.html?lang=1">World Future Council</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/background/maxneef.htm">Max-Neef on Human Needs and Human-scale Development</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021232805/http://www.inwent.org/E%2BZ/1997-2002/ds202-10.htm">El desarrollo a la medida humana from Desarrollo y Cooperación (March/April 2002)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226142736/http://webshells.com/jdoug/economax.html">Economic Investigation by Hermann Max, Manfred Max-Neef's father</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/9/22/chilean_economist_manfred_max_neef_us">Max-Neef: U.S. Is Becoming an "Underdeveloping Nation"</a>, a video interview by <i><a href="Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li></ul>

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